History Of Japanese Calligraphy
History Of Japanese Calligraphy
Remarks at the Spring Festival. [Reprint]
Reprint From: http://chairmanmaozedong.org
(13 February 1964)
SOURCE: "Long Live Mao Tse-tung's thought, a Red Guard Publication.
(Summary Record)
CHAIRMAN target = "_blank" title = "Mao Zedong"> MAO: Today is the Spring Festival, and we hold a forum for domestic and to discuss international problems ... Do you think that our state is likely to collapse or not? Imperialism and revisionism, in concert, have until our borders defeated, do [you] democratic personages fear of the atomic bomb? When the bomb exploded, we are simply back to Yenan. The whole Shen-Kan-Ning Border Area had a population of 1.5 million and the city of Yenan, it was 30,000. One can not say if they will be publicly attacked first. There was a time when The Kuomintang was wiser than usual, and we do not publicly denounce them. They put a document with the method of curbing the "foreign" parties, which control of the Communist Party. Does this sound familiar?
Shih-Chang Chao: I do not know about it.
Chairman Mao: You are not very well informed. In January 1941 started the Kuomintang in the south Anhwei incident, in which we lost more than 17,000 people. Then they staged several anti-Communist tide, and so [teaching our] Party a lesson. Chiang Kai-shek is not good, every time it a chance, he tries to rule us. After the end of the anti-Japanese war, Chiang said about peace, and invited me to go Chungking for negotiations, but he was also sly orders. During the negotiations he led a campaign against our party and destroyed The three divisions Kao Shu-Hsun ..
XXX: Kao already joined the party. Can change people.
Kang Sheng: The Emperor Hsuan T'ung come to his New Year's wishes before (in the Political Consultative Conference).
Chairman Mao: We must unite ourselves very well with the Hsuan T'ung Kaiser. Both Kuang Hsu and Hsuan T'ung to use our heads. Hsuan T'ung's monthly salary of slightly more than a hundred yuan is too small - this man is an emperor.
Shih-Chang Chao: Uncle Hsuan Tung, Tsai-tau, [8] in miserable straits.
Chairman Mao: That guy Tsai-tau is a high military Official. He was a student in France. I know him, though not exactly. Would it be ok by you help him so he can eat a bit better? Finally he is our guest. We should better their standard of living.
It's no fun, a dog run. Nehru is in poor condition, imperialism and revisionism have robbed him blind. Revisionism is rejected everywhere. It was dismissed in Romania, it is not one in Poland. In Cuba, they listen to half and reject half they listen to half, because they can not do otherwise, because they are not producing oil or weapons. Imperialism is a tough time, too. Japan is against the United States, people and it is not only the Communist Party of Japan and the Japanese that the United States against - the big capitalists to do likewise. Not long ago, working The Kita-iron showed an American inspection. De Gaulle's opposition to the United States is also in response to the demands of the capitalists. They are also behind the establishment of diplomatic Relations with China. China rejected the United States, which it did earlier in Beijing Shen Ch'ung [9], the whole country against the U.S. imperialism. The Khrushchev revisionists Abuse us as dogmatic, pseudo-revolutionaries - they really complain. Not long ago submitted a letter of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on four points: (1) open one end of the controversy, (2) The return of the [Soviet] Experts [in China], (3) talks about Soviet-Chinese border, (4) The expansion of trade. We have talks on the border, starting on 25 February. We can do a little business, but we can not be too much for Soviet products are heavy, raw, high-priced, and they always hold back something.
Kang Sheng: The quality is worse.
Chairman Mao: First, they are rude, second expensive, poor third and fourth to keep it back a bit, so it does not deal so well with them as with the French bourgeoisie, still a concept of business ethics.
In the past, there were mistakes in our work. The first exhibition was blind commands The second seizure was excessive, which has now been corrected. Now we have forfeited the opposite extreme, we have from the issuance of orders to not blindly Commands on, and as a result we are not doing what we can. So we need to emulate the liberation army, we need to emulate the Petroleum Ministry to Tach'ing. [10] In the Tach'ing oil fields they have invested more than - and in the space of three years they have built up an oil field produced - tonnes and a plant for processing - Tons of oil. The investment was small, the time has been short, have the success is great, and the many writings on this subject are worth a look at. All ministries should learn from the Petroleum Ministry to learn from the Liberation Army, and some good experience, a combat brigade in relation to the enemy, and a brigade in relation us. Students should also learn from the Liberation Army. They should fully exploit their successes, pattern set for the emulation, you praise them comprehensively and simultaneously to criticize the mistakes. Praise should be the main point, and the criticism should be added. Among those who for our cause, there are many good people, and many good models that should be praised.
Last year at Hopei there were major natural disasters. In the south there was a drought, which was originally a good harvest, but there was heavy rainfall the loss of 20,000 million chin [approximately 12 million metric tons] of grain, but last year the total production by more than 10,000 million, chin, and this year we want to do better. Currently, we are learning from the liberation army, we learn from the oil ministry, we learn from models in the towns, villages, factories and schools, we have overcome Errors in our work, and strives to make our work a little better this year.
This forum Today we discussed international issues, but our Main concern is with internal problems. If we do not deal effectively with our internal problems, there are no good conversation on international affairs. To Currently there are some countries that relations with our country like the Congo wish to establish themselves. Lumumba of the Congo was a guerrilla war, but they do not have modern weapons at all - Just things like Black Dragon Sword Crescent Kuan Kung's and Chang Fei is eighteen meters spear. [11]
XXX: There is Huang Chung's arrows.
Chairman Mao: It is none other than the weapons of Kuan, Chang, Chao, Ma Huang, and - they do not have modern weapons. In the past we did not have any. According to the Nanchang Uprising [12], we lost two divisions, then Chu, Chen I, Lin Piao, and led the rest of the Chingkangshan. I did not know how I fight on your own. Worked in 1918 I am in the library of Beijing University, I was paid eight U.S. dollars per month, and came without worrying about clothes, food or housing. Chang Shih-chao, an official did not for Yuan Shih-kai [13] so he abandoned him to be the president of Beijing University, he went to Beijing University to keep a diary. Old Huang [14], You are a constitutional?
Huang Yen-Pei: I am a revolutionary, not constitutional, I took at the Tung Meng Hui [15].
Chang Shih-CHAO: He is a revolutionary.
Chairman Mao: Old Chen [16] She was one of the research clique, Chang Shih-Chao participated in the Second Revolution [17], and 1925 he was a minister. Now all of you will march together with us to participate in the socialist construction of the new China. When I say, we hope that our work cut slightly better This is not only the Central Committee of hope, but also your hopes. Hsu Te-Heng, you will be responsible for an industrial ministry? [18]
XXX: It is great hope for his service.
Chairman Mao: Old Huang, your family seems to include every possible party and political group - the Democratic League, the Association for the promotion of democracy, [19] of the Communist Youth League. The poem of your son, Huang Wan-II "Greetings of the bridegroom, 'is very good written. I admire them. It is a member of the third of September Society, also writes good poetry. I admire him too. They do not know your ten odd children very well, They are like Kuo Tzu-i [20].
All ministries should learn from the Liberation Army, the establishment of the Political Department, and the strengthening of their political work. It must promote achievement, set up model for imitation workers, you praise them comprehensively and simultaneously criticize the mistakes. Praise should be the main point, and the criticism should additional. Among those responsible for our cause there are many good people and good things, there are many good models that we need to praise.
Today I want to They talk about the problem of education. Progress has been made in the industry, and I think that it should take the same changes in education. The current state of Things not to do it. In my opinion the line and orientation [fang-chen] in education are correct, but the methods are wrong and must be changed. Comrades who are here today from the Central Committee, comrades from the party, comrades from outside the party, comrades of the Academy of Sciences. Comrade XXX now wants to talk.
XXX: currently a pressing problem in education is that the education system, that is, the fact that the prescribed duration of studies is too high. At the time children start school at the age of seven years and spent six years in primary school, six years in middle school, and in some cases six years at the university, usually five, making in all seventeen or eighteen years. The graduates of the university until the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, and then they engage in manual labor for one year and then go through] a further period of one year on-the-job training so that they ultimately emerge from [the whole process if they already twenty-six or seven. That is two or three years longer than it takes in the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union, elementary and middle schools last ten years, and the university for four or five, so that at twenty-three or twenty-four, they take a job and start working. In the study of the humanities, there is no major problem, always about the students too old. In the case of science, they obviously do not remain [] in their studies too long. This is particularly the case with the science of nuclear energy with the most advanced sciences, the students are too old when they graduated. Based on the experiences of all countries in the world, it is possible to make a contribution to science by the time reached the age of twenty-four or twenty-five. For example, in the United States and the Soviet Union, those who recorded some success for themselves in the natural sciences have, in the field of nuclear energy, are usually twenty-four or twenty-five. At this age, the brain works most effectively, but in this age of our Students are still in the university, and have not taken a position and began to work. They only work to twenty-six, or seven, which is not advantageous for the development of the sciences. The prescribed course length is extremely large, we think the mast on the system of educati! on.
Chairman Mao: The duration of schooling should be slightly shortened.
XXX: XX Comrade recently had an idea: There should be five years of primary school and middle school four years, so that students graduating from middle school at sixteen. If it six years elementary school, she'd graduated from middle school at seventeen. That Problem is that the institutions for higher education are not sufficient; Every year the universities only 120,000 or 130,000 students, 150,000 or on the outside. The other work could begin at sixteen. You could get two years professional training after graduation from high school, and then at eighteen she could walk in the factories or the villages and work in this way, they would more] contact [with the reality. Or they could attend two years of preparatory courses so that to establish contacts with the university, and begin work on twenty-four or twenty-five. In one word, studies have somewhat shortened. Currently The Central Committee has studied a small group [Hsiao-tsu] under the leadership of Comrade XX, especially on the question of the education system.
If this proposal we to improve our national education, graduate students could then usually fifteen or sixteen. However, there is a problem - that of military service. It would be too young for them, but they could be subjected to training.
Chairman Mao: That's not important who are not old enough for military service may also military life experience. Not only male students, but students can undertake military service. We can replace a red women. Girl of sixteen or seventeen and experiences of six months to one years of military life and to the age of seventeen years, they may also serve as soldiers.
XXX: Thus the problem of the schools teaching literary themes is not so great. The problems with faculties of science and engineering are somewhat larger. Universities Preparatory to have one or two years after the completion of middle school students to college preparatory courses, or enter either pass a vocational school, and work after training two years, she in a factory or go to the country with eighteen years of age may, therefore, they are also relatively] in conjunction [with the reality. If you study mechanical engineering, they are also relatively in touch when they graduated in twenty-three or twenty-four, it can take a job and start working.
Chairman Mao: There are currently too many studies in progress, and this is extremely harmful. There are too many issues at present and the load is too heavy, it puts the middle school and university students in a constant state of tension. Cases of myopia are constantly under multiplication takes precedence and middle students. This can not be allowed to remain unchanged to go.
XXX: The topics covered by the curriculum are too many and too complicated. Many older teachers have remained at their posts. The students are not in a position to to bear it, they have been strained in the extreme, and they have no extracurricular activities, and no time for extracurricular reading.
Chairman Mao: The syllabus is to be cut into two halves. The students should have time to play for recreation, have swimming, ball, and free reading outside their classroom. Confucius only explained the six arts - ritual, music, archery, carriage driving, poetry and history - but he produced four ways: Yen Hui Tseng-tzu, Lu Tzu and Mencius. It Students will read not only to books all day and not go in for cultural endeavors, sports and swimming, not running around in the situation, or the To read things outside of their courses, etc.
XXX: The students are very tense. When I'm at home, the kids say, what's the sense in top grades in everything?
Chairman Mao: Throughout history, very few of those who came first in the imperial examination rose to great fame. The famous poet Tang Dynasty, Li Po and Tu Fu were not even chin-shih Han-Lin. [21] Han Yu and Liu Tsungyilan [22] were only chin-shih of the second rank. Wang Shih-fu, Kuan Han-ch'ing, [23] Lo Kuan-chung, [24] was ch'in Pu Sung-ling, Tsao Hsueh-chin-shih, none of them, or Han-Lin. Had received Pu Sung-ling was a ts'ai Hsiu-promotion, he was next to the higher Weight increase, but he was not a chu-jen [25]. None of them was wearing chin-shih, or Han-Lin successful. Only two of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty was good, T'ai-tsu and Ch'eng-tsu. One was illiterate, and the others only knew a few signs. Thereafter, by contrast, in the Chia-ch'ing reign, when the intellectuals had the power, the things in a bad Were state of the country was in disorder. [26] Han Wu Ti and Li Hou-chu [27] were very well maintained, and ruined the country. It is obvious that you read too many books is harmful. Liu Hsui was an academic, while Liu Fang was one country bumpkin [28].
XXX: There is too much on the curriculum, and there are too many exercises, the hand-in can not reflect the students independently. The present method of testing ....
Chairman Mao: Our present method of conducting audits is a method for dealing with the enemy, not a method for dealing with people. It is a method of surprise attack, obliquely or ask strange questions. This is still the same method as the old eight-legged essay. I'm not cheap for that. It should be completely changed. I am sure that the publication of the Questions in advance and let the students study them and answer them with the help of books. For example, if you bet twenty questions after the Dream of the Red Chamber, and some students answer half of them and answer them well, and some of the answers are very good and includes creative ideas, then you can give it 100 percent. Some other students answer all twenty questions and answer them correctly, but they just respond by reciting from their textbooks and lectures, without any creative ideas should, therefore, these 50 or 60 percent. In investigations into the ears and whisper to each other in other places people should be allowed. If your answer is good and I copy, then I should be so good be counted. Whispering used in the ears of other people and taking examinations in the names of other persons, to place in secrecy. Let it happen now open. If I do not do something, and write down the answer which I then copy to it all right. Let's give it a try. We must do things in a lively fashion, not in a lifeless fashion. There are teachers who participated in and when they talk hike, they should doze off their students. If your presentation is not good, why are listening to other You? Instead of adhering to open your eyes and listen to boring lectures, it is better to get some restful sleep. You did not hear the nonsense that can You rest your brain instead.
XXX: If we will shorten the length of schooling, it is time for inclusion in work or military service. We can also consider whether the outstanding students skip a class, we did not keep them forever at the same place. In the same grade as my child has a classmate the original was an excellent student, after he skipped a class, and he is still a good student. Thus we see that it is possible to skip classes. Ask Comrade XX to organize a small group to conduct a comprehensive study of this problem, the school system.
Chairman Mao: Let both XX XXX and to participate in this small group. Currently, we are to inanimate things in a way. There is much to be on the curriculum and examinations in a rigid manner performed. I can not agree. The present method of education and talent ruins ruins youth. Cheap, I do not read so many books. The method of examination is a Method for dealing with the enemy, it is very harmful, and should be stopped.
XXX: Currently, the Head of the Department of Education only to a meeting be considered in two issues: One is that the students' burden is too heavy, and there is homework in all subjects: the second is that there are three educational Systems of Confucius, the Soviets, and Dewey.
CHAIRMAN MAO: Confucius was not really so. We have thrown away the mainstream of Confucianism. He had only the six themes: ritual, music, archery, carriage driving, "shu" and mathematics. (Chairman Mao asked if XXX "shu" meant, or calligraphy Story.) [29]
XXX: It means calligraphy.
Chairman Mao: It means history. As in the Shu Ching, or Han Shu [30].
XXX: Now take the middle-school, their studies as their sole objective. After graduation, they are not willing to engage in work that is a very big question, and we must solve it. We need to practice the unity of education and productive work, in addition, we also need to go on two legs. [31] Last year there were floods In Hopei, and the Department of Education has been under severe pressure. Many buildings collapsed and they had to ease schools as well as they could. As a result, the number of primary and Mid-pupil even increased.
Chairman Mao: The flood engulfed dogmatism. We need to rid of dogmas, foreigners and locals.
XXX: Other places have implemented regularization, teaching and led them all in a class, rather than separated by topic. The number of students has declined and the number of poor and lower-middle peasants has declined, many poor and lower-middle peasants do not continue their schooling. In the province Hopei they have made some good experiences. In Hsin-hui hsien in Kwangtung Province, you have examined ten o'clock odd farm schools and ordinary secondary schools. In a normal school, the state is 120 yuan per year on each student, while in an agricultural middle school, they spend only 6.80 yuan per year on each student. There is no problem at all on an agricultural high school graduates fill a vacancy, whereas, if a graduate of an ordinary middle school not in the University Entrance exams to be successful, there is a great difficulty about placing him in employment. Thus, primary and secondary schools should all go to two Legs. At the same time we must take care to improve quality. Before that everything was done according to Soviet methods, but in 1958 we struck a blow against this and more provision was made for work, but then again study was neglected, but now that things have been further changed it's all right. It is the same with the literature and art, the level is relatively high now, but if it was not 1958, we would not have achieved our current level. [32]
Chairman Mao: We must drive Actor, poet, dramatist and writer from the towns and pack them all into the landscape. They should all regular Intervals down the ranks to the villages and in the factories. We must not allow writers to remain in the government offices, it will never written anything, if they do not go down. Who will not go get no lunch, but only if they are going to be fed.
XXX: Currently there is little more than two percent of bad elements between the primary and middle teachers, and there are also notoriously bad elements among the primary and secondary students.
Chairman Mao: It does not matter, they can change jobs.
XXX: At the time of the worst students to normal schools, the good students go into engineering. Future we might think about it, not to the higher middle school graduates directly into the normal school or faculty of letters, but only accepting higher middle school graduates, in the work of one or two years employed. The students of science should go, too. They have some experience in the XX-school in Harbin, send teachers for one or two years. Who is not so well initially, all well and good if they return home from work, they become part of the core.
Chairman Mao: You must fall. At present, there are some people who do not attach much importance will work in nature. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shih-chen [33] went back and forth, and climbed the mountains to gather herbs. Tsu Ch'ung-chih [34] never went to high school or college. Confucius was born into a poor peasant family, he drove sheep, and visited Never middle school or university is not. He was a musician, he has all sorts of things. If someone has a death in the family, he would be invited to the funeral play. He may have been a bookkeeper. He could play the ch'in [35] and to drive a car, ride and shoot with bows and arrows. "Yu" means to a carriage ride, it's like the driver of a motor vehicle. He produced seventy-two ways, such as Yen and Hui Tseng-tzu, and he had 3000 students. In his youth, he came from the Masses and knew something about the suffering of the masses. Later he became an official in the state of Lu, although not a terribly high official. The population was one million of Lu, and for a long time, people looked down on him. As he traveled through various countries, the people cursed him. This person likes to talk openly, and said he did not learn Misery, and it could not tolerate insults. Later Tzu Lu worked as a bodyguard of Confucius, and it was not possible to speak ill of people to Confucius, but someone who has his mouth opened to beat. Came from this time, no more unpleasant noises ears, and the masses did not dare to approach him. We can not discarded the tradition of Confucius. Our general policy is correct, but our methods are wrong. There are some problems associated with the current educational system, curricula, Teaching and examination methods, and all this must be changed. Them! are all very destructive people.
XXX: We come with five years of primary school.
Chairman Mao: primary school education should not be too long, either. Gorky had only two years of primary school, his learning was self-taught. Franklin of America "was originally a newspaper salesman, but he discovered electricity. Watt was a worker, but he invented the steam engine. Both in ancient and modern times, China and abroad, trained many scientists in the course of practice.
XX: If the school system was reformed in the future, students may, for the inclusion of a published as soon as they reach the age of twenty-three or twenty-four to achieve. Seven is a rather late age for the beginning of the school, we can bring them to us to six. There is a problem with the building, but if you primary school five years, we dispense with some changes. Then, four years high school and one or two years a preparatory course at the university. Given the different nature of the various courses at the university, we can diversify and take in 140,000 or 150,000 students each year for a one-or two-year preparatory course.
XXX: Before entering university, they can move out and into a period a factory or working in a village.
Chairman Mao: You can also contact the Army for training.
XX: This is all right in terms on literary themes, but in physics there is the problem of application of mathematics, and if they work for two years, they could forget it.
XX: In the Soviet Union, they work for two years after completion of secondary school, and then enter the faculties of physics and chemistry, they are not direct.
XX: Apart from Some special schools are the universities of course divided into three lengths: six years, especially for medicine, five years for engineering and four years for literary topics. In most cases, courses, four years is sufficient. In the future, the system should be diversified, it should be different course lengths. In the cities should be two types of secondary schools, one leading to the university, and the other when students graduated within two years after their introduction training.
Chairman Mao: That is correct, we need to diversify.
XX: The main problem with the curriculum of a lack of centralization, and there are also problems We have investigated in the past, many subjects are times in every semester there are eight or nine subjects to study, there are many investigations, and this creates major Tension.
Chairman Mao: Today, first of all, there are too many classes, and secondly, there are too many books. The pressure is too great. There are some issues that do not is necessary to examine. For example, it is not necessary to examine very little logic and grammar, which must have learned in high school. Real understanding must be gradually be acquired through experience at work. It is enough to know what logic and grammar.
XX: There is cramming everything mechanical memorization and recitation.
XXX: There are two schools of thought today. A school is teaching subjects thoroughly, while the other speaks in broad classes to master, such as teaching, to Topics to go, if somewhat less education. Currently, many schools will follow the first pattern, but it is not true that this will not work. By advocating the Things in this way to solidify in their minds.
Chairman Mao: That is the Scholastics. The notes to the Four Books and Five Classics are very educational and they have now are all absolutely indigestible. Scholasticism must inevitably become extinct. For example, in the study of the classics a lot of comments have been posted, but now are they have disappeared. I believe that the students trained by this method, whether it be in China, America or the Soviet Union, which will all disappear, all on to move their opposites. The same applies to the Buddhist classics, of which there are so many. The version of the Diamond Sutra, edited by Hsuan-Tsang [36] of the Tang Dynasty was relatively simplified, only a thousand-odd words, and it still exists. Another version, published by Kumarajiva, [37] was too long, and is extinct. Are Five Classics and the Thirteen Classics also reached by the end of the road? They have very extensive commentary and as a result, no one reads them. In the fourteenth and fifteenth century They indulged in scholastic philosophy, only in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries] [the world, to be held in the Age of Enlightenment and the Renaissance. We should not have too many books. We should read Marxist books, but not too many of them are not. It is enough to read a dozen or so. When we read too many, we can move towards our differences are avid readers, dogmatists, revisionists. In the writings of Confucius, there is nothing about agriculture. For this reason, the limbs of his students were not accustomed to work, and they could not distinguish between the five grains. We must do something.
XXX: It is a different question, which is a political question, the diet of the students who need to be improved. Each student eats food costs 12.5 yuan per month. We should spend a further 40 million yuan.
Chairman Mao: It's all right to continue to spend 40 million yuan.
XXX: We should have 2 to increase to 4 yuan. [38]
Chairman Mao: If you read too many books, they freeze your mind in the end. Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty was pretty good In his early years, but afterwards he read many books, and make not so good no more. He died of hunger in T'ai Ch'eng [39].
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Notes
[1]. Spring Festival is New Year in Chinese lunar calendar.
[2]. The term "democratic parties" often referred CPC literature, especially in the united front work, refers specifically to a small group of political parties, made mainly of members of the national bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeois and patriotic "democratic personages." (These were of democratic personages without party affiliation. ") These parties were not included into the proletarian class identity or inherent bent of the socialist revolution. However, they had developed during the period of New Democratic Revolution, and to varying degrees of intensity, were compared with the CPC in the fight designed to consolidate the socialist transformation of China and China's interests vis-à-vis the imperialist assault. The organs of 1949 and 1954 provided for the participation of the "democratic personalities" who do not belong to a party in the political life of the country. The most famous of them was Sung Ch'ing-ling, Sun Yat-sen's widow. Some of the non-Communists in this forum in February 1964 belonged to this category, the other representatives of smaller parties.
[3]. The Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia border region was the revolutionary base area was built up gradually after 1931 by revolutionary guerrilla war in northern Shensi. When the headquarters of the Red Army arrived in Shensi after the Long March, it became the main base of the revolution and the headquarters of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Her name was Shensi-Kansu Ningsia border region after the formation of the Anti-Japanese National United Front in 1937, and it included eleven p.m. districts along the common borders of three provinces.
[4]. The "measures to curb the activities of parties Alien" were secretly issued by the central authorities of the Kuomintang in 1939. They imposed severe restrictions on all communist and other progressive ideas, speech and action with the aim of the disorder, all anti-Japanese organizations People. In addition, states that in places where there were most active in the opinion of the Kuomintang, "communists", the "law of collective responsibility and collective punishment "was to be enforced and an" information network "or counter-intelligence service, was generally within the Pao-chia Organizations. Pao and chia were then lays down the basic units of the Fascist regime of the Kuomintang. Ten and ten households were a chia chia pao one.
[5]. Chang Shih-chao (1881-1973) was active in the revolutionary movement as a journalist from the early years of the twentieth century. He was obviously one of the non-partisan "Mao democratic personalities" was addressing in his introductory remarks.
[6]. On 30 October 1945 Kao Shu-hsun, deputy commander the 11th Kuomintang war zone, rebelled against the war in Hantane, in the southern province of Hopei, and came to our site with a corps and a column. This had a major influence in the country. To share the work and intensify the decaying Kuomintang troops and exciting, to revolt, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to follow a propaganda campaign calling on other Kuomintang officers and men hsun to the example of Kao Shu and his troops refuse to start the liberated areas attack, sabotage, civil war at the front fraternize, with the liberation of the people's army, rise in revolt and come to the side of the people. This became known as the Kao Shu-hsun movement. The Kuomintang thereupon turned on Kao and smashed his powers.
[7]. Both the Kuang Hsu Emperor (reigned 1875-1908) and his successor, the Emperor Hsuan Tung had occupied the throne of Mao's lifetime.
[8]. Tsai-tau was in control of the Imperial Guard at the time of the Revolution of 1911. He was regarded in the last year of the dynasty, as one of the most liberal among the imperial clansmen.
[9]. On 24 December 1946 was Shen Ch'ung, a student at the University of Beijing, raped by an American Marine. This incident, to widespread anti-American demonstrations by students in many Chinese cities, conducted, and the Demands for the immediate withdrawal of all U.S. forces.
[10]. In 1964, Mao launched the slogan: "In the industry Tach'ing learn in agriculture, learn from Tachai ', and since that time these two have been regarded generally as a "Maoist models. Here, Mao writes the Petroleum Ministry with the achievements of Tach'ing oil fields in Heilungkiang province.
[11]. Kuan Yu (also known as Kuan Kung, the god of war), and Chang Fei was The two key associates in the arms of Liu Pei, the founder of the Shu Han dynasty, during the period of the Three Kingdoms d in the third century AD in the history of the Three Kingdoms period, The famous novel, they are described as wielding the weapons listed here. Huang Chung, Chao [Yun], and Ma [Su], the remaining three, Liu Pei "Five Tiger Generals." Although Liu Pei, like its two competitors, it is claimed, the rightful ruler of the empire was the territory controlled by him, that in the first place of the Kingdom of Shu, centering on the present-day Sichuan, where he met and his comrades.
[12]. Nanchang, capital of Jiangxi Province, was the scene of the famous uprising on 1 August 1927 led by the Communist Party of China to the counter-revolution of Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Ching-wei and the Revolution of 1924 continues - 27 to fight. More than thirty thousand soldiers took part in the uprising, which was led by Comrade Chou En-iai, Chu The, Ho Lung and Yell Ting. The rebellious Army withdrew from Nanchang, 5 August, as planned, but suffered a defeat when approaching Chaochow and Swatow in Kwangtung Province. The comrades of the Chu and Chen Yi, a Some of the troops led later fought the Chingkang mountains and allied himself with the First Division of the first Workers 'and Peasants' Revolutionary Army under Comrade Mao Tse-tung.
[13]. Yuan Shih-kai was the head of the northern warlords in the last years of the Ching Dynasty. After the Qing Dynasty overthrown by the revolution of 1911 was He usurped the presidency of the Republic and organized the first government of the Northern warlords, which represented the big landlord and big comprador classes. He did this under Relying on counter-revolutionary armed force and the support of the imperialists and by taking advantage of the conciliatory nature of the bourgeoisie, the then leading Revolution. In 1915, he wanted to make himself emperor, and to gain the support of the Japanese imperialists, the Twenty-One Demands, which took Japan to obtain of exclusive control over all of China. In December of that same year an uprising against his assumption of the throne took place in Yunnan Province and promptly won nationwide response and support. Yuan Shih-kai, died in Beijing in June 1916.
[14]. Huang Yen-pei, an advocate of the American style of training, a leading Figure in the Democratic League was during the civil war of 1944-9, and served as Minister of Light Industry 1949 to 1954. In 1964 he became chairman of the China Democratic National Construction Association, and as a member of the Standing Committee of the Democratic League.
[15]. In 1894, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, a small revolutionary organization formed in Honolulu called the Hsing Chung Hui (Society for the regeneration in China). With the support of the secret societies among the people, he staged two armed Uprisings in Kwangtung Province against the Ching government after its defeat in the Sino-Japanese War in 1895, in Canton in 1895 and the other Huichow on in 1900.
Tung Meng Hui, or the Chinese Revolutionary League (a united front organization of the bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie, and a part of the landed gentry, the Ching Government to), was founded in 1905 by the merger of the Hsing Chung Hui and two other groups, the Hua Hsing Hui (Society for the regeneration of China) and Kuang Fu Hui (Society for Breaking the foreign yoke). He put a program in favor of the bourgeois revolution, "the expulsion of the Tartars (Manchu), the recovery sen from China, the establishment of a republic and to the balance of the land. "At the time of the Chinese Revolutionary League, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, allied himself with the secret societies and part of the new army of the Qing government has a series of armed uprisings against the Ching regime, especially those at Pinghsiang (Jiangxi Province), Liuyang and Liling ) (Human Province) in 1906 at Huangkang Chaochow and Chinchow (Kwangtung Province, and Chennankuan (Kwangsi Province) in 1907 to Hokou (Yunnan Province), in 1908 and in Canton 1911th The last was in the same even through the Wuchnag uprising that led to the overthrow of the Qing dynasty.
[16]. Old Chen is obviously Chen Shu-fung, chairman of the All China Federation of Industry and Commerce since 1953. Both "Old Huang" and "Old Chen have been '" democratic personages "Who had worked with the new regime since 1949.
[17]. The "second revolution was the attempt in 1913 by forces under the leadership overthrow of Tsai Ao, to Yuan Shih-kai and stop the movement away from the true republicanism to a restoration of the monarchy. On the other hand, the government, of which Chang Shih-chao minister was in the year 1925, that the warlord-dominated regime in Beijing, Mao deliberately called these two contrasting episodes in Chang Shih-chao life to the guests the diversity of experience that has passed its generation in their quest for an answer to the problems in China.
[18]. Hsu Te-Heng (1895 -) was a student leader during the May Fourth Movement. He is Chairman of the Chiu-san was (September-third) company, following Mao's, since its inception in 1945. (The company named after the date of the surrender of Japan, is one of the smaller parties) on the front. The "Ministry of Industry," about the wonders of the Ministry of Mao here Aquatic products, Hsu, headed since 1956.
[19]. The Association for the Promotion of Democracy was another of the smaller parties, which originally formed in Shanghai in 1945, which were mainly intellectuals in their ranks.
[20]. Kuo Tzu-i (697-781), a famous general of the Tang Dynasty, had eight Be reported and seven sons, sons-in-law, his grandchildren and great-grandchildren, are so numerous that he could not recognize it, and had to content himself with a bow, if She came to pay their respects.
[21]. Chin-shih, a successful candidate at the highest ( "Metropolitan" followed by "palace") studies, adopted under the system of trials by autocractic dynasties in China. It was a method by which the feudal ruling class for the selection of personnel to man and too tempting for the government using intellectuals. The system, from the 7th Century and continued until early in the 20th Century. Han Lin, a member of the Han-lin Academy, arising from the Ming dynasty of those who received the special award has been made in the palace examinations.
[22]. Han Yu (768-824) and Liu Tsung-were İnan (773-819) Friends and contemporaries distinguished poet and essayist, which both experienced the time of exile in the exercise of their official careers. Han Yu primarily as one of the greatest prose writer regarded in the history of China will, as a student in Changsha, Mao has been taught to take it as a model in essays.
[23]. Wang Shih-fu and Kuan Han-ch'ing were celebrated dramatist of the Yuan Dynasty, the heyday of the late thirteenth century. Wang is the author of the history of the Western Chamber.
[24]. Lo Kuan-chung (14.-century AD), was the author of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the historical novel. Pu Sung-ling (b. 1622) is a famous collection of tales of the supernatural known.
[25]. Hsiu-Tsai, literacy "cultivated talent", popular name for a successful candidate at the lowest or prefectures Investigations, more accurately known as Shen Yuan or "licentiate. Although he had received" encouraging "by imperial favor to the rank of senior licentiate, failed it, in the next step in the examination system passed actual testing of the province, and therefore do not obtain the corresponding title of the chu-jen ( "Chosen men"), or the ability to take on the metropolitan examination.
[26]. Ming Tai-tsu, the founder of the dynasty, which ruled 1368 to 1399, Ch'eng-tsu, there was the third emperor of the dynasty, 1403 to 1425th The Chia-ch'ing reign, 1522 extended until 1567th
[27]. Han Wu Ti, the "Martial Emperor" of the Han Dynasty and reigned 140-86 BC
[28]. Liu Hsiu (4 BC-57 AD) defeated the usurper Wang Mang in AD 25 and established the Later Han (or Han) dynasty. Liu Pang (247-195 BC) who founded the original Han Dynasty in 206 BC
[29]. The character can either read shu a noun, meaning to write a book or written document (in this case, a book of history) or a verb, especially in the sense of writing in a beautiful hand. As a rule of Confucius in the list of six people or art, he is mean with calligraphy.
[30]. The Shu Ching (Historical Classic) is one of the "Thirteen Classics", together with the sayings of Confucius, the Book of Songs, etc. The Han Shu, the standard history of the Han Dynasty.
[31]. "Walking on two legs", was one of the main slogans of the "Great Leap Forward of 1958-9. It was especially with regard to economic Development used to characterize a policy on a large scale, the combination of modern technologies and the use of small, indigenous methods. Here is a similar Proposed approach to education, combing schools (especially in the cities) with modern facilities and a well thought out curriculum, with simpler and more elementary schools to the needs and opportunities in nature adapted.
[32]. XXX, who he is, not only offers a rather half-hearted defense of the policy of "Great Leap" the downgrading of know-how, he argues, though useful as a corrective to the Soviet-style technocratic attitudes prevailing before gone too far and would have led to disastrous results if not, the pendulum swung back again. His emphasis on strong contracts with Comrade Mao Tse-tung in the next Paragraph.
[33]. Li Shih-chen (1518-98) was the author of Pen'ts'ao kang mu (Index of roots and herbs), a treatise listing more than 1,000 plants useful for medicinal purposes.
[34]. A mathematician of the tenth century.
[35]. A stringed instrument similar to a Sounds; skill in the game was part of the mainstream culture expects of the literati.
[36]. After his return to China in 645 after a pilgrimage of sixteen Years to India, from where he brought a lot of Buddhist scriptures, under the chairmanship of the monk Huan-Tsang (602-64) on the translation of not less than 1338 chapters Over the remaining years of his pipe.
[37]. Kumarajiva (350-413), a Buddhist scholar who had studied in Kashmir has left the imperial capital Chang-marketed in 401, and is responsible for the translation of Buddhist scriptures set. These versions, the most of their time, were later replaced by the "new translations" of Hsuan-Tsang and his followers, not because of their length, but because they are not sufficiently precise.
[38]. Obviously, the sum of 40 million Yuan refers to the annual accounts for subsistence, while the number 2 to 4 yuan, the corresponding increase is the monthly amount per pupil. According to the best estimates available at this time there were about three quarters of one million students in Chinese universities. Thus The two numbers consistent.
[39]. Hsiao-yen (464-549) occupied Nanking, 501 and was proclaimed the first emperor of the Liang dynasty in the following year. A student Buddhism and lover of books, he could implement his good intentions by the reform of the administration. When T'ai Ch'eng fell to a rebellious allies in 549, he was allowed to hunger and despair, in a monastery to which he had retired.
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